Rust does not have null values. Instead, it uses the Option type to represent values that may or may not exist. Option is an enum with two variants: Some(T) for a value, and None for the absence of a value.…
Pattern matching with enums lets you destructure each variant and safely handle every possibility. Using the match expression, Rust forces you to deal with all cases, which helps prevent logic errors and unexpected behavior. In Rust, pattern matching is how…
An enum in Rust is a type that can represent one of several possible variants, each optionally holding different types of data. Enums are ideal for modeling choices, states, or patterns like Option, Result, and more. If structs in Rust…
A method in Rust is a function defined inside an impl block for a struct. It operates on an instance of the struct using self. An associated function is similar, but it does not take self and is often used…
A struct in Rust is a way to create a custom data type with named fields. Structs group related data together and give it structure. They are similar to JavaScript objects, but their fields and types must be explicitly declared.…
In Rust, cloning creates a deep copy of data, especially for types that are stored on the heap like String and Vec. You use the clone() method to manually duplicate such values when ownership would otherwise be moved. When a…
In Rust, some values are moved when assigned or passed to functions, while others are copied. Types like integers and booleans are Copy types, so they stay usable after assignment. Heap-allocated values like String are moved, meaning the original variable…
Borrowing in Rust lets you access a value without taking ownership of it. You do this using references. A reference is like a pointer that allows read or write access to a value owned by another variable, without moving or…
Ownership is Rust’s core memory safety system. Each value in Rust has a single owner, when ownership moves to another variable, the original one becomes invalid. This ensures memory safety without needing a garbage collector. If there is one concept…
In Rust, functions are declared using the fn keyword. They take zero or more parameters, may return a value, and are used to organize reusable blocks of logic. Every Rust program starts with a special function named main. Functions help…
